My last post, Remember Inflation?, was intended as preparation for this one and I recommend you read it first unless you feel you have a good understanding of the topic.
I recently co-authored a paper entitled, “Hedging Against Inflation Risk with Real Annuities” with economist, Zvi Bodie. Dr. Bodie has made key contributions to Life-Cycle economics and pension planning. If you’re studying retirement finance and are unfamiliar with his work, then you need to remedy that. I’ll provide links in the references below to get you started but the obvious places would be his website[1] and two of his books, “Risk Less and Prosper”[2] and “Worry-Free Investing.”[3]
Here's the crucial point of the paper in a nutshell. We obtained annuity quotes recently for a nominal (no inflation protection) income annuity, a nominal income annuity with a 3% annual cost-of-living adjustments, and a "real" annuity with no caps that is adjusted annually for inflation based on the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U).[4]
Table 1. |
I can purchase a nominal annuity that pays out $6,440 a year but because I can't predict future inflation, I have no idea how much purchasing power it will have in the future. Its future purchasing power might be a lot more or a lot less than $4,550 will purchase today in 2019 (see the first row of Table 1).
The rightmost two columns of Table 1 show the purchasing power in today's dollars twenty years from now if future inflation should mimic the high inflation of the 1970s and 1980s (column 5) and the same if future inflation looks like the low-inflation 1950s and 1960s (column 6). Both real payouts, $,1723 and $4,109, would have been significantly lower after twenty years than the initial $6,440 payment of the nominal annuity.
I can purchase a nominal "graduated-payment" income annuity that pays out $4,670 for the first year with a payout that increases 3% each year thereafter regardless of the rate of future inflation. Like the level-payment nominal annuity in row one, I have no idea how much purchasing power it will have in the future.
I can purchase a CPI-adjusted annuity today that pays out $4,550 a year for as long as I live (row three). If I live for 30 years or more, it will still provide $4,550 of purchasing power in 2019 dollars. This is the only annuity I can purchase from among these three for which I can predict future purchasing power.
That's a trick question. The correct answer is that we can't know until the end of retirement. Nominal and real dollars are apples and oranges so we can't compare them directly. We need to convert the nominal dollars to real dollars — their future purchasing power — to compare the two. That's easier said than done because it requires that we make a guess about unpredictable future inflation rates.
If future inflation is benign, as it was from 1950-1970, then both the nominal level-payment annuity and the nominal annuity with a 3% COLA seen in Chart 4 would end up purchasing more at today's annuity prices than the CPI-adjusted annuity.
On the other hand, if future inflation is historically high, as shown in Chart 3 of the 1970s and 1980s, then the CPI-adjusted annuity would end up purchasing more than either of the two nominal annuities.
Charts 3 and 4 represent historically high and low inflation rates for 20-year periods since 1913 so other periods would have shown results of inflation ranging between those two.
The question this raises is whether that potentially large difference in a nominal annuity or bond's future purchasing power is a risk you want to take. Do you prefer a lifetime of $4,550 of near-certain 2019 purchasing power or would you be happier with a lifetime of 2019 purchasing power that ends up somewhere, unpredictably, between $2,257 and $5,381 after 20 years for the COLA annuity or between $1,723 and $4,109 for the nominal level-payment annuity?
Do you purchase an annuity to provide guaranteed purchasing power for life, or to provide a fixed number of dollar bills whose future purchasing power is unknowable? Is this something you want to speculate on?
The CPI-adjusted annuity has no inflation risk. It is a true inflation hedge. Purchasing a nominal annuity (or a nominal bond) is a bet on future inflation that you probably don't want to make.
Where does the graduated-payment (COLA) annuity fit in? The annual increases are chosen when you purchase the annuity. Adjustments are not linked to inflation but increasing income would offset some inflation, though it would provide a lower initial payment.
Joe Tomlinson did an analysis for the Journal of Retirement Income and concluded that "An inflation-indexed SPIA would be ideal. A COLA-SPIA may be the next best alternative.'[6]
In a separate analysis, Tomlinson found that at today's annuity prices, inflation needs to average 3.57% for the real annuity to outperform the level-payment nominal annuity. Inflation averaged 7.3% in the 1970s, 5.8% in the 1980s, 4.9% in the 1940s, and nearly 10% in the 1910s. All are significantly higher than the long-term average rate of inflation of 3.15%.
I have two concerns regarding inflation. First, even today's low inflation rate of around 2% will roughly halve a retiree's purchasing power over a 30-year retirement. Every retirement plan should consider inflation risk but after three decades of low inflation, it may not get the attention it deserves.
My second concern, also expressed by Tomlinson at Advisor Perspectives, is not the risk that inflation runs a little more than average but that it substantially exceeds average inflation for a prolonged period, as it has done in four of the last eleven decades (see Chart 1), and decimates the purchasing power of a nominal pension or a nominal annuity with or without a COLA. This is a potentially catastrophic outcome that isn't adequately addressed by nominal annuities even with a COLA. As I have often said, I believe retirement plans should take unacceptable outcomes off the table.
If you don't want to buy a CPI-adjusted annuity, have already purchased a nominal annuity, or have a pension without inflation protection, it's important to understand your inflation risk exposure and to try to mitigate it in other ways. You can do this by stress-testing your retirement plan to make sure you would retain minimum-acceptable income even in a period like the 1970s and 1980s. If you would not, you then need to look for other ways to mitigate inflation risk.
You can stress test this easily with planning software like Maxifi Planner[7] or ask your planner to run a high-inflation scenario for you.
The risk of purchasing a nominal annuity or owning a nominal pension has to be considered within the context of the rest of your retirement plan. For example, if a severe loss of the purchasing power of the pension or annuity would not compromise your standard of living because they represent a small portion of your income-producing assets, then they pose less risk to your plan. A nominal annuity or pension that is a major source of your plan's income would obviously be riskier. Purchasing a nominal annuity can be a rational choice in some scenarios and the best way to see that is to run the stress test.
Social Security benefits have historically been adjusted for inflation but most pensions are not. If you have a nominal pension or annuity then its purchasing power will almost certainly decline significantly over a long retirement.
The key takeaways are these. Express your retirement plan in real dollars or insist that your planner do so. Understand your retirement plan's exposure to inflation risk. Consider the possibility and ramifications of not enjoying three more decades of low inflation. Decide if you're willing to speculate on future inflation rates.
So, which annuity has the largest payout, the nominal or the CPI-adjusted? Unfortunately, only time will tell. The only meaningful comparison is based on purchasing power, not first-year payments. You can only be sure about the real annuity's purchasing power.
Unless you're a gambler, why bet on low future inflation? You can completely hedge inflation risk with a no-cap, CPI-U-adjusted annuity. The same logic applies to TIPS and I Bonds instead of nominal bonds.
I'll describe U.S. Series I Savings Bonds in my next post.
REFERENCES
[1] ZviBodie.com, Dr. Bodie's website.
[2] Worry-Free Investing at Amazon, by Zvi Bodie.
[3] Risk Less and Prosper at Amazon, by Zvi Bodie.
[4] We obtained recent quotes for income annuities for an unmarried 65-year old male. The nominal annuity quotes were provided by New York Life and the CPI-adjusted annuity quote was obtained from The Principal. The Principal is currently the only U.S. provider of CPI-adjusted annuities. (We found one additional provider that only sells to its group members.) The Principal sells a "real" annuity through the purchase of a CPI rider for a single payment income annuity (SPIA). Quotes for these annuities are available through ImmediateAnnuities.com and BlueprintIncome.com.
[6] Making the Case for a COLA-SPIA, Kerry Prechter, The Retirement Income Journal.
[7] Maxifi Planner online planning tool.
Is there a column missing from Table 1? Specifically, calculations based on inflation between 1930-39. This is the only decade where the purchasing power of a nominal annuity increases. See your sentence "Its future purchasing power might be a lot more or a lot less than $4,550 will purchase today in 2019 (see the first row of Table 1)."
ReplyDeleteWell, I suppose you could argue that there are a lot of columns that could have gone into the table. You are correct that it is the only such period, at least since 1913. And lower-than-expected inflation or even deflation is a very important thing to consider, even though long periods of deflation are rare. Still, it's a valid point.
DeleteHi Dirk,
ReplyDeleteI have a couple questions. Both my wife's and my pension are nominal pensions. I am not sure how to do this, but would it be possible to compare the Principal inflation adjusted payout to a competitors nominal payout, and create my own "real" payout pension by adjusting our nominal payout pensions payout. I hope this makes sense. Before I read this post what I had considered doing was adjusting our nominal pension payouts downward by a factor of say 2.53 (1.0315^30) then inflate that payout by 3.15% every year basically creating my own quasi "real" pension. I realize I wouldn't know how it compared to real inflation until the end of the 30 yr period, but this is one way I thought of attempting to make a nominal pension approximate a real pension. The payout rate on my employer pension is better than I could get by taking the cash option (my pension is defined contribution not benefit) and buying a retail SPIA. Ann's pension is defined benefit.
Second, and a lesser point as I know the reduction is small, but I thought generally most retirees expenses go down in real terms. Would this make inflation protection less a necessity?
Thanks for your thoughts. Brad
Hi, Brad. Your strategy would create a "graduated-payment annuity" and not a real annuity.
DeleteOne problem with comparing The Principal's real annuity to a competitor's nominal annuity is that The Principal's real annuity has no competitors and, consequently, their annuity doesn't have competitive pricing. Said differently, The Principal's real annuity has a much higher "load." The other issue is what we address in the paper -- how can you compare the prices if you have no idea how much real income the nominal annuity will produce?
Let me suggest something much simpler. Instead of deferring pension income, take the income you plan to defer from both pensions and use it to purchase inflation-protected bonds. First, max out on I Bonds, which I will describe in my next post. You and Ann will be able to purchase $20,000 total per year. Then purchase TIPS bond funds or ETFs if you can't buy enough I Bonds. (I like TIP, for example.) This will provide pretty good inflation protection without twisting yourself into a noodle. The I Bonds can also serve double duty as a reserve fund.
In aggregate, retiree spending tends to decline 1.5% to 2% per year as we age. But you're not the aggregate and not every retiree's spending will decline. So, yes, if your own spending happens to decline with age then that would mitigate some inflation. Unfortunately, it isn't something you can count on so I can't say it makes inflation protection less a necessity.
Best. . .
To be entirely fair, CPI-U is also an aggregate measure and everybody has their own (albeit un-published) monthly rate of inflation that may be higher, lower, or the same as the published CPI-U.
DeleteExactly. Jeffry and I discussed this here some time ago. As I recall, I suggested that until someone develops a Jeffry Index and offers inflation-protection based on it, he's stuck with imperfection. That doesn't mean he shouldn't search for other hedges, nor does it mean we shouldn't take advantage of an imperfect hedge when it's all we have. As a friend of mine likes to say, bad breath is better than no breath, at all.
DeleteI think I remember the discussion on the Jeffry Index (JI), but I am having trouble locating it on your blog - can you give me any other clues please, so I can then refresh my memory.
DeleteAlso, whilst it is almost certainly true that no 3rd party will ever offer protection based on the JI, developing the JI (or at least a reasonable proxy to it) is entirely feasible, if rather time consuming. If you wish to discuss JI development, I could email you some more details if you provide me with an email address.
I fully understand your point about hedging/breathing. However, in my case at least, there are several trade-offs to consider and I think you might agree that significantly over-paying for an imperfect hedge (that may even be largely irreversible) is not something to be done lightly without any idea of how imperfect the hedge is?
I agree with you entirely — that's why I asked you to keep us posted on your search. Regardless, anyone can email me on any subject at JDCPlanning@gmail.com.
DeleteI don't recall which post that might have been. My only suggest is to search my blog for "Jeffry index", (I think it searches comments but maybe not) but as I recall, the comment above was pretty much the extent of it.
Hedges are free, by the way. You simply make a choice that gives up potential upside to avoid potential downside. I'm going to blog about that soon.
Best...
FYI
Deletea) search function does not seem to search comments
b) Jeffry discussion is in your previous post
a) Good to know. You can, however, search comments with, for example, site:theretirementcafe.com jeffry index typed into in the Google search box of your browser instead of using the search box on my blog.
Deleteb) He was actually searching for an earlier discussion.
Thanks!